How to Develop Key Risk Indicators (KRIs) to Fortify Your Business

Risk management, compliance, and internal audit professionals are well versed in finding ways to help organizations manage risk. From employing Enterprise Risk Management or ERM best practices, to responding to real time disruptions, risk professionals have many tools in their proverbial toolbox — and they need them. Risk identification and assessment processes need to be iterative and dynamic. Auditors need to revise risk assessments and modify risk responses and audit procedures throughout fast-changing and complex circumstances.

To help your company manage emerging threats and better prepare for the future, it’s vital that you and your team develop Key Risk Indicators (KRIs). This helps to safeguard your organization from the various types of risks that can sidetrack its plans, and even point to early warning signs of major disruptions. Safeguarding activities include:

• Developing a thorough understanding of each potential risk exposure.
• Documenting each risk, the impact, and likelihood of the risk occurring.
• Closely monitoring performance via Key Performance Indicators.
• Leveraging technology to assist this process.
• Conducting periodic and regular reviews of KRIs as situations change and evolve.

What Is a Key Risk Indicator?

Key risk indicators are metrics that predict potential risks that can negatively impact businesses. They provide a way to quantify and monitor each risk. Think of them as change-related metrics that act as an early warning risk detection system to help companies effectively monitor, manage and mitigate risks. KRIs provide visibility into the weaknesses within your company’s risk and control environment and processes — and help to develop a risk assessment plan to fortify your business.

Key risk indicators are not limited by function or silo and can be applied to many business processes and risk factors, informing an organization’s overall

KRIs give you a clear view of any weaknesses in your company’s risk and control environment, helping you build a stronger risk assessment plan to protect your business. What’s great about KRIs is that they aren’t confined to one department or function—they can be applied across various business processes and risk factors, playing a key role in shaping your overall risk management strategy.

The Primary Purpose of Key Risk Indicators

KRIs add value to overall operational risk management by playing an essential risk management role. KRIs predict potential risk — especially within high-risk areas and sectors. KRIs can help with:

• Identifying any risk exposure relating to current or emerging risk trends.
• Assessing and quantifying each risk and its potential impact.
• Providing perspective through benchmarking.
• Enabling timely and ongoing risk control and monitoring.
• Enabling leaders and key personnel to receive alerts of potential risks in advance.
• Providing time to develop the appropriate and effective risk responses and action plans.
• Establishing objectivity within the risk management process.
• Fostering a proactive risk culture by encouraging continuous evaluation and adjustment of risk strategies.

In short, KRIs provide an early warning system” that allows companies to be prepared for risks.

Helping Companies Identify Emerging Risks

Emerging risks will continue to impact many audit risk areas. Industries will put an emphasis on developing or bolstering their risk assessment plans to focus on identifying emerging risks within their supply chains and internal controls — as well as looking at fraud or cybersecurity threats due to remote working conditions. Climate change, natural disasters, and geopolitical factors play another role in the emerging risk landscape.

As a powerful tool supporting operational risk management (ORM), KRIs help identify and define risks to ensure everyone understands the relationship between each KRI and potential risks. So, how do KRIs help companies identify these emerging risks? KRIs assist companies with:

• Comparing business objectives and strategy to actual performance to isolate changes.
• Measuring the effectiveness of processes or projects.
• Identifying trends and patterns in risk data that could indicate new or evolving risks.
• Demonstrating changes in the frequency or impact of a specific risk event.

How to Identify Key Risk Indicators

Clearly identifying KRIs involves developing a roadmap — such as the one outlined below — to establish the right set of KRIs for the organization.  As with all risk management approaches, KRIs should be tailored to the risk profile of the company and take into account the major risks that face the business. This process will involve your risk management team, each business unit, and those responsible for internal audits.

Risk Management Responsibilities

Before identifying KRIs, your risk management team will need to create a framework and provide guidance by ensuring everyone is trained on the KRI selection process.  This involves coordinating closely with department heads, project managers, and other key stakeholders across the organization to ensure a clear understanding of what KRIs are and how they should be used. The risk management team can also provide guidance around risk mitigation and action plans, as well as oversight around effective KRIs and similar initiatives.

Business Unit Responsibilities

Each business unit will be responsible for identifying their respective KRIs, setting the thresholds, monitoring each KRI state, and escalating variances against these to management, including:

• Revisiting All Existing Metrics: As things change, all current metrics must be thoroughly reviewed; frequency will depend on the industry, internal and external changes, strategic goals, and other factors, but this should be done at least annually. Conduct an organization-wide SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) to identify, analyze, and document the entire organization’s operational state and risk appetite.
• Conducting a Risk Control Self-assessment: Another aspect of assessing risk appetite is revisiting each metric and conducting a full risk assessment. This should be carried out to determine precisely how each potential risk affects strategic plans, the likelihood of it happening, and where the impact may occur, among other things.
• Monitoring Changes in the Business Environment: Beyond just the control environment, it’s crucial to keep an eye on changes in the overall business environment that might affect the organization’s risk landscape. This includes monitoring market trends, regulatory updates, and competitor actions to stay ahead of potential risks. As outlined by the Committee of Sponsoring Organization (COSO) Internal Control — Integrated Framework, understanding these changes helps maintain robust standards, processes, and structures that safeguard the organization.
• Prioritizing Significant Risks and Isolating Their Root Causes: Once risks are identified, they will need to be prioritized — each risk will require a risk response, but they all can’t be a top priority. Conducting a root cause analysis will be essential to determine the importance and action to be taken.
• Systematically Collecting All Data on KRIs: To be of value to the organization, data relating to KRIs should be collated methodically. Make sure not to select a large number of KRIs that are too difficult to monitor, manage, or trace. To be effective and deliver strategic value, all KRIs should be measurable, predictable, comparable, and informational.

Another part of identifying KRIs is setting thresholds or tolerances that enable flags to be raised when the situation moves outside of the normal. The thresholds should be based on industry norms or internal acceptance criteria. All thresholds should be carefully vetted by key stakeholders and approved by your company leadership or board of directors. Other tasks that need to be addressed when developing KRIs including determining who is responsible for:

• Tracking and reporting KRIs
• Establishing risk responses
• Establishing or updating controls
• Re-evaluating KRIs as circumstances change

Internal Audit Responsibilities

Internal audit will need to validate and provide assurances relating to the KRI process as well as build into the audit plan all the required inputs and record audit results related to KRI audits. Internal audit must also identify, document, and report all exceptions or breaches to KRIs. Internal audit teams can play a major role in evaluating the suitability and relevance of KRIs, and it may be worthwhile for organizations to complete periodic KRI audits.

What Are Examples of Key Risk Indicators?

There are various types of quantitative and qualitative KRIs — for example, some are focused on financial, human resource, operational, technical, or other aspects of the business.

Quantitative KRIs

These focus on provable facts and numerical data based on findings from mathematical models, system outputs, and analysis methods.

Qualitative KRIs

These types of KRIs focus on predicting probability-based outcomes to support things like sensitivity analysis.

Depending on your business or industry’s nature, the use of quantitative over qualitative KRIs may be more relevant. Some KRIs may also rank higher on the priority list, be of more importance than others, and be subject to change based on internal or external environmental factors. Here are examples of top types of KRIs used across a range of industries and sectors.

Financial KRIs

Quantitative financial KRIs may be of greater significance to commercial or retail banks, asset management or firms, or Certified Public Accounting (CPA) firms. Some examples of financial KRIs pointing to external environmental factors might include ones that measure an economic downturn or regulatory changes. Internal factors might be changes to strategic goals, budget limitations, or acquisitions.

Human Resource KRIs

Staffing and recruitment firms and human resource departments are likely to be interested in using quantitative or qualitative people-based KRIs. High staff turnover, low staff satisfaction, labor shortages, or low recruiting conversion rates are some examples of human resource KRIs.

Operational KRIs

Operational KRIs could measure many things, from failed internal processes to ineffective internal controls. These types of KRIs can be typically developed in all industries. Factors impacting operational KRIs might center around process inefficiencies, leadership changes, or changes to strategic goals.

Technological KRIs

System failures, security breaches, and denial of service incidents are all examples of events measured by technology-based KRIs. These types of KRIs also impact all industries but can be of greater importance to a technology service provider or a firm that relies on online business portals. Technological risk factors might include increased operational complexity, security issues, changes to protocols, or regulations.

Cybersecurity KRIs 

Closely tied to technological KRIs, cybersecurity KRIs focus on the specific risks associated with cyber threats and data breaches. With the increasing number of cyber threats, cybersecurity KRIs are critical for all businesses, particularly those that handle sensitive data. These KRIs measure specific metrics such as the number of attempted unauthorized access incidents, patch management completion rates, the frequency of phishing attacks, and the time taken to detect and respond to security incidents. By monitoring these indicators, organizations can gauge their resilience against cyber threats and the effectiveness of their cybersecurity measures, thereby ensuring the robustness of their technological infrastructure.

The Difference Between KRI and KPI: Are They Related?

It’s important to understand the difference between KRIs and KPIs. While they are related, they are different. They work together to provide companies and their leaders with the metrics needed to fortify their businesses. Both KPIs and KRIs are needed — they work hand-in-hand to create a complete picture for effective and timely decision-making.

KPIs ** ** look backward and focus on how well companies are achieving their goals. KPIs identify and prioritize a company’s key goals as well as monitor performance against those goals.

KRIs are predictive. They assess and manage potential risks to goals. They focus on the likelihood of companies achieving their goals based on potential risk factors. KRIs are linked to an organization’s risk posture and strategic priorities, and identify current and emerging risks related to each key goal. KRIs also monitor risks and send an early warning when the business is at risk of not achieving its goals.

How to Develop Key Risk Indicators to Fortify Your Business?

Gauging performance and ensuring goals and milestones are met is one of the core responsibilities of any leadership team. When looking at their dashboard each day, leaders across the business expect to see the data that reveals the current state of affairs — and that ideally, they are on track — and this includes KRIs. When KRIs deviate from thresholds, they signal management to potential risk exposure — but KRIs are only effective when they’re developed using this methodical yet straightforward approach.  

Identify Relevant Risks

Prior to establishing KRIs, it is essential first to understand your company’s goals and any vulnerabilities that can cause risk points. Effective enterprise risk management relies on identifying the most significant risks — these are the ones that will have the highest impact, the highest chance of occurring — or are the most likely to be outside of your company’s control.

Establish Your KRIs

If your company has already established Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), these can create KRIs. Why? The KPIs will already make sense and provide the underlying information — this can reduce the time spent on monitoring and the needed resources. Keep in mind: the KPIs being transferred to KRIs must also be relevant, timely, measurable, and make sense. If the KPIs are out of date or cover a period of time that is no longer applicable, then they shouldn’t be used.

Establish a Solid Process

Since KRIs are developed by each department, a solid process for creating, assessing, monitoring, and reporting them to the appropriate individuals will need to be established. The following best practices can ensure things go smoothly.

• When identifying KRIs, involve all relevant stakeholders from the start.
• Gain stakeholder buy-in so everyone is on the same page and vested in the success.
• Ensure all information about KRIs and the process are accessible to all stakeholders.
• Create a central point of contact to whom stakeholders can go to get support.
• Keep stakeholders updated in a timely manner as things change.

Following a methodical approach like the one above can help streamline the process of developing Key Risk Indicators. Using automation to aggregate KRIs and present them in a clear dashboard can also be a game-changer.

Potential Challenges of Developing Quantifiable, Good KRIs

Creating, monitoring, and reporting KRIs sounds pretty straightforward, but it’s a bit more involved than one might think. Many businesses still struggle with common mistakes when establishing KRIs for these reasons:

1. Risks relating to the actual development of a KRI itself continue to go unaddressed. It requires conscious effort, resources, and executive and stakeholder buy-in.
2. There are also issues with access to credible and objective data — especially quantitative data.
3. The available data can often be unnecessarily complex and difficult to decipher and use.

Being aware of these common challenges can help you design a KRI development approach that will anticipate data and process-related issues.

How to Use and Monitor KRIs Effectively

To get the most from Key Risk Indicators (KRIs), ensure they align with your Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and strategic objectives. This alignment keeps your focus on the risks that matter most, helping you manage them effectively.

Regular monitoring of KRIs is crucial, but the frequency depends on the nature of each indicator. Some KRIs might need daily attention, while others could be reviewed monthly or quarterly. Setting a routine that matches the risk’s potential impact and likelihood is essential.

Risk management and audit professionals play a vital role in establishing and overseeing these metrics. They ensure that KRIs are relevant and integrated into your risk management strategy. Utilizing a powerful platform can streamline this process and enhance your risk management efforts.

With AuditBoard RiskOversight, you gain access to advanced tools for real-time KRI tracking, automated reporting, and actionable insights. This platform helps you stay proactive, manage risks effectively, and make informed decisions.

By aligning KRIs with strategic goals, monitoring them appropriately, and leveraging advanced tools like AuditBoard RiskOversight, you can effectively navigate risks and safeguard your organization’s success.

Frequently Asked Questions About Key Risk Indicators (KRIs)

What is a Key Risk Indicator?

Key risk indicators are metrics that predict potential risks that can negatively impact businesses.

What are the different categories of Key Risk Indicators?

There are many categories of KRIs, including qualitative, quantitative, financial, operational, and technological KRIs, among others.

What’s the difference between KRI and KPI?

Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) look to the past to compare and measure current performance while also setting organizational goals. Key risk indicators (KRIs) are forward looking and try to anticipate, prevent, and/or mitigate risk events.

What are the potential challenges of developing KRIs?

Some challenges involved with developing KRIs is the collaboration and buy-in needed to establish effective KRIs, the complexity of data associated with measuring KRIs, and the lack of usable data within an organization to measure KRIs.